Expansion joints are compensating parts used for facilitating relative movements and thermal expansion in pipelines, machines, and containers. The basic design of an expansion joint consists of bellows with connectors at both ends. A non-metallic expansion joint is a compensator that absorbs thermal and mechanical shock or stress in a pipeline system for the smooth and efficient functioning of the system.
Non-Metallic Expansion Joints (NMEJ) offers a number of advantages, especially in plant design and building. They take up movements in several directions simultaneously, have almost no reactive forces, need little space for installation, are easy to adapt to existing physical conditions, and they are easy to transport and install.
In 2019, the market size of Non-metallic Expansion Joints is xx million US$ and it will reach xx million US$ in 2025, growing at a CAGR of xx% from 2019; while in China, the market size is valued at xx million US$ and will increase to xx million US$ in 2025, with a CAGR of xx% during forecast period.
In this report, 2018 has been considered as the base year and 2019 to 2025 as the forecast period to estimate the market size for Non-metallic Expansion Joints.
This report studies the global market size of Non-metallic Expansion Joints, especially focuses on the key regions like United States, European Union, China, and other regions (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia).
This study presents the Non-metallic Expansion Joints production, revenue, market share and growth rate for each key company, and also covers the breakdown data (production, consumption, revenue and market share) by regions, type and applications. history breakdown data from 2014 to 2019, and forecast to 2025.
For top companies in United States, European Union and China, this report investigates and analyzes the production, value, price, market share and growth rate for the top manufacturers, key data from 2014 to 2019.
In global market, the following companies are covered:
PARKER HANNIFIN
MACOGA
FLEXEJ
EagleBurgmann
GARLOCK
Bikar
UNAFLEX
Clyde Bergemann Power Group
Metraflex
Global Flex
RADCOFLEX
URJA
Market Segment by Product Type
Plastic
Rubber
Other
Market Segment by Application
Natural gas
Crude oil
Key Regions split in this report: breakdown data for each region.
United States
China
European Union
Rest of World (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Non-metallic Expansion Joints status and future forecast in United States, European Union and China, involving sales, value (revenue), growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
To present the key Non-metallic Expansion Joints manufacturers, presenting the sales, revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of Non-metallic Expansion Joints are as follows:
History Year: 2014-2018
Base Year: 2018
Estimated Year: 2019
Forecast Year 2019 to 2025
Non-Metallic Expansion Joints (NMEJ) offers a number of advantages, especially in plant design and building. They take up movements in several directions simultaneously, have almost no reactive forces, need little space for installation, are easy to adapt to existing physical conditions, and they are easy to transport and install.
In 2019, the market size of Non-metallic Expansion Joints is xx million US$ and it will reach xx million US$ in 2025, growing at a CAGR of xx% from 2019; while in China, the market size is valued at xx million US$ and will increase to xx million US$ in 2025, with a CAGR of xx% during forecast period.
In this report, 2018 has been considered as the base year and 2019 to 2025 as the forecast period to estimate the market size for Non-metallic Expansion Joints.
This report studies the global market size of Non-metallic Expansion Joints, especially focuses on the key regions like United States, European Union, China, and other regions (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia).
This study presents the Non-metallic Expansion Joints production, revenue, market share and growth rate for each key company, and also covers the breakdown data (production, consumption, revenue and market share) by regions, type and applications. history breakdown data from 2014 to 2019, and forecast to 2025.
For top companies in United States, European Union and China, this report investigates and analyzes the production, value, price, market share and growth rate for the top manufacturers, key data from 2014 to 2019.
In global market, the following companies are covered:
PARKER HANNIFIN
MACOGA
FLEXEJ
EagleBurgmann
GARLOCK
Bikar
UNAFLEX
Clyde Bergemann Power Group
Metraflex
Global Flex
RADCOFLEX
URJA
Market Segment by Product Type
Plastic
Rubber
Other
Market Segment by Application
Natural gas
Crude oil
Key Regions split in this report: breakdown data for each region.
United States
China
European Union
Rest of World (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Non-metallic Expansion Joints status and future forecast in United States, European Union and China, involving sales, value (revenue), growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
To present the key Non-metallic Expansion Joints manufacturers, presenting the sales, revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of Non-metallic Expansion Joints are as follows:
History Year: 2014-2018
Base Year: 2018
Estimated Year: 2019
Forecast Year 2019 to 2025
Table of Contents
1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Plastic
1.3.3 Rubber
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Natural gas
1.4.3 Crude oil
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Non-metallic Expansion Joints Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Non-metallic Expansion Joints Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Plastic Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Rubber Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.3 Other Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Non-metallic Expansion Joints Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Non-metallic Expansion Joints Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Non-metallic Expansion Joints Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 PARKER HANNIFIN
8.1.1 PARKER HANNIFIN Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.1.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.1.5 PARKER HANNIFIN Recent Development
8.2 MACOGA
8.2.1 MACOGA Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.2.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.2.5 MACOGA Recent Development
8.3 FLEXEJ
8.3.1 FLEXEJ Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.3.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.3.5 FLEXEJ Recent Development
8.4 EagleBurgmann
8.4.1 EagleBurgmann Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.4.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.4.5 EagleBurgmann Recent Development
8.5 GARLOCK
8.5.1 GARLOCK Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.5.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.5.5 GARLOCK Recent Development
8.6 Bikar
8.6.1 Bikar Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.6.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.6.5 Bikar Recent Development
8.7 UNAFLEX
8.7.1 UNAFLEX Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.7.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.7.5 UNAFLEX Recent Development
8.8 Clyde Bergemann Power Group
8.8.1 Clyde Bergemann Power Group Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.8.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.8.5 Clyde Bergemann Power Group Recent Development
8.9 Metraflex
8.9.1 Metraflex Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.9.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.9.5 Metraflex Recent Development
8.10 Global Flex
8.10.1 Global Flex Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.10.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.10.5 Global Flex Recent Development
8.11 RADCOFLEX
8.12 URJA
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Sales Channels
10.2.2 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Distributors
10.3 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter''s Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Plastic
1.3.3 Rubber
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Natural gas
1.4.3 Crude oil
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Non-metallic Expansion Joints Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Non-metallic Expansion Joints Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Plastic Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Rubber Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.3 Other Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Non-metallic Expansion Joints Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Non-metallic Expansion Joints Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Non-metallic Expansion Joints Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 PARKER HANNIFIN
8.1.1 PARKER HANNIFIN Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.1.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.1.5 PARKER HANNIFIN Recent Development
8.2 MACOGA
8.2.1 MACOGA Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.2.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.2.5 MACOGA Recent Development
8.3 FLEXEJ
8.3.1 FLEXEJ Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.3.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.3.5 FLEXEJ Recent Development
8.4 EagleBurgmann
8.4.1 EagleBurgmann Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.4.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.4.5 EagleBurgmann Recent Development
8.5 GARLOCK
8.5.1 GARLOCK Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.5.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.5.5 GARLOCK Recent Development
8.6 Bikar
8.6.1 Bikar Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.6.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.6.5 Bikar Recent Development
8.7 UNAFLEX
8.7.1 UNAFLEX Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.7.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.7.5 UNAFLEX Recent Development
8.8 Clyde Bergemann Power Group
8.8.1 Clyde Bergemann Power Group Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.8.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.8.5 Clyde Bergemann Power Group Recent Development
8.9 Metraflex
8.9.1 Metraflex Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.9.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.9.5 Metraflex Recent Development
8.10 Global Flex
8.10.1 Global Flex Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Non-metallic Expansion Joints
8.10.4 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Product Introduction
8.10.5 Global Flex Recent Development
8.11 RADCOFLEX
8.12 URJA
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Non-metallic Expansion Joints Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Sales Channels
10.2.2 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Distributors
10.3 Non-metallic Expansion Joints Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter''s Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
