An actuator is a part of an electronic control system, which helps in controlling a mechanism or a system by converting the electrical energy into torque. An actuator requires an energy source to function, which can be current, pneumatic pressure, or hydraulic fluid pressure.
Europe is the largest production region in 2017, the second largest production region is North America, in short, the Automotive Hydraulic Actuators is mainly produced in developed countries.
In 2019, the market size of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators is xx million US$ and it will reach xx million US$ in 2025, growing at a CAGR of xx% from 2019; while in China, the market size is valued at xx million US$ and will increase to xx million US$ in 2025, with a CAGR of xx% during forecast period.
In this report, 2018 has been considered as the base year and 2019 to 2025 as the forecast period to estimate the market size for Automotive Hydraulic Actuators.
This report studies the global market size of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators, especially focuses on the key regions like United States, European Union, China, and other regions (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia).
This study presents the Automotive Hydraulic Actuators production, revenue, market share and growth rate for each key company, and also covers the breakdown data (production, consumption, revenue and market share) by regions, type and applications. history breakdown data from 2014 to 2019, and forecast to 2025.
For top companies in United States, European Union and China, this report investigates and analyzes the production, value, price, market share and growth rate for the top manufacturers, key data from 2014 to 2019.
In global market, the following companies are covered:
Bosch
Denso
Delphi
Magna
Continental
Valeo
Magneti Marelli
Hitachi
Hella
Mahle
Mitsubishi
Duncan Engineering
Market Segment by Product Type
Throttle Actuator
Fuel Injection Actuator
Brake Actuator
Others
Market Segment by Application
Passenger Vehicle
Commercial Vehicle
Key Regions split in this report: breakdown data for each region.
United States
China
European Union
Rest of World (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Automotive Hydraulic Actuators status and future forecast in United States, European Union and China, involving sales, value (revenue), growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
To present the key Automotive Hydraulic Actuators manufacturers, presenting the sales, revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators are as follows:
History Year: 2014-2018
Base Year: 2018
Estimated Year: 2019
Forecast Year 2019 to 2025
Europe is the largest production region in 2017, the second largest production region is North America, in short, the Automotive Hydraulic Actuators is mainly produced in developed countries.
In 2019, the market size of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators is xx million US$ and it will reach xx million US$ in 2025, growing at a CAGR of xx% from 2019; while in China, the market size is valued at xx million US$ and will increase to xx million US$ in 2025, with a CAGR of xx% during forecast period.
In this report, 2018 has been considered as the base year and 2019 to 2025 as the forecast period to estimate the market size for Automotive Hydraulic Actuators.
This report studies the global market size of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators, especially focuses on the key regions like United States, European Union, China, and other regions (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia).
This study presents the Automotive Hydraulic Actuators production, revenue, market share and growth rate for each key company, and also covers the breakdown data (production, consumption, revenue and market share) by regions, type and applications. history breakdown data from 2014 to 2019, and forecast to 2025.
For top companies in United States, European Union and China, this report investigates and analyzes the production, value, price, market share and growth rate for the top manufacturers, key data from 2014 to 2019.
In global market, the following companies are covered:
Bosch
Denso
Delphi
Magna
Continental
Valeo
Magneti Marelli
Hitachi
Hella
Mahle
Mitsubishi
Duncan Engineering
Market Segment by Product Type
Throttle Actuator
Fuel Injection Actuator
Brake Actuator
Others
Market Segment by Application
Passenger Vehicle
Commercial Vehicle
Key Regions split in this report: breakdown data for each region.
United States
China
European Union
Rest of World (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Automotive Hydraulic Actuators status and future forecast in United States, European Union and China, involving sales, value (revenue), growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
To present the key Automotive Hydraulic Actuators manufacturers, presenting the sales, revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators are as follows:
History Year: 2014-2018
Base Year: 2018
Estimated Year: 2019
Forecast Year 2019 to 2025
Table of Contents
1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Throttle Actuator
1.3.3 Fuel Injection Actuator
1.3.4 Brake Actuator
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Passenger Vehicle
1.4.3 Commercial Vehicle
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Throttle Actuator Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Fuel Injection Actuator Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.3 Brake Actuator Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.4 Others Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Bosch
8.1.1 Bosch Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.1.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.1.5 Bosch Recent Development
8.2 Denso
8.2.1 Denso Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.2.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.2.5 Denso Recent Development
8.3 Delphi
8.3.1 Delphi Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.3.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.3.5 Delphi Recent Development
8.4 Magna
8.4.1 Magna Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.4.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.4.5 Magna Recent Development
8.5 Continental
8.5.1 Continental Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.5.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.5.5 Continental Recent Development
8.6 Valeo
8.6.1 Valeo Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.6.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.6.5 Valeo Recent Development
8.7 Magneti Marelli
8.7.1 Magneti Marelli Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.7.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.7.5 Magneti Marelli Recent Development
8.8 Hitachi
8.8.1 Hitachi Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.8.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.8.5 Hitachi Recent Development
8.9 Hella
8.9.1 Hella Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.9.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.9.5 Hella Recent Development
8.10 Mahle
8.10.1 Mahle Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.10.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.10.5 Mahle Recent Development
8.11 Mitsubishi
8.12 Duncan Engineering
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Sales Channels
10.2.2 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Distributors
10.3 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter''s Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Throttle Actuator
1.3.3 Fuel Injection Actuator
1.3.4 Brake Actuator
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Passenger Vehicle
1.4.3 Commercial Vehicle
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Throttle Actuator Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Fuel Injection Actuator Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.3 Brake Actuator Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.4 Others Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Bosch
8.1.1 Bosch Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.1.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.1.5 Bosch Recent Development
8.2 Denso
8.2.1 Denso Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.2.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.2.5 Denso Recent Development
8.3 Delphi
8.3.1 Delphi Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.3.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.3.5 Delphi Recent Development
8.4 Magna
8.4.1 Magna Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.4.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.4.5 Magna Recent Development
8.5 Continental
8.5.1 Continental Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.5.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.5.5 Continental Recent Development
8.6 Valeo
8.6.1 Valeo Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.6.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.6.5 Valeo Recent Development
8.7 Magneti Marelli
8.7.1 Magneti Marelli Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.7.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.7.5 Magneti Marelli Recent Development
8.8 Hitachi
8.8.1 Hitachi Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.8.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.8.5 Hitachi Recent Development
8.9 Hella
8.9.1 Hella Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.9.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.9.5 Hella Recent Development
8.10 Mahle
8.10.1 Mahle Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Automotive Hydraulic Actuators
8.10.4 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Product Introduction
8.10.5 Mahle Recent Development
8.11 Mitsubishi
8.12 Duncan Engineering
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Sales Channels
10.2.2 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Distributors
10.3 Automotive Hydraulic Actuators Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter''s Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
